Alessandro Cerri in IPKat ci notizia di un’interessante (anche se breve) decisione di appello amministrativo sull’oggetto , concernente la griglia Mercedes, BoA EUIPO 7 aprile 2025, Case R 2316/2024-1 .
Questo il marchio:
Il BoA riforma così la decisione di rigetto di prima istanza , che l’aveva considerato privo di distintività ex art. 7.1.b reg. 2017/1001:
<<However, the contested decision fails to take account of the fact that the sign does not consist solely of a mesh-like structure typical of a radiator grille, but of a specific combination of this structure with the circularele applied thereon, which is inserted into a central strip, the ends of which tapers outwards. This combination produces a figurative effect which is capable of making an impression on the targeted consumer and enabling him to distinguish the radiator grille of the applicant from those of other manufacturers.
This is the case irrespective of whetherthe targeted public recognises in the circular element a component which may serve to holda logo. This is because, on account of the specific arrangement of this elementwithin the central strip, it is not limited merely to a space holder, but, together with the shape of the grid structure and the central strip, forms a design as awhole which departs significantly from the designs identified by the examiner>>.
Marcel Pemsel in IPKat ci notizia di Trib. UE 05.02.2025, T-195/24, VistaJet c. EUIPO (ingl./franc.). Il segno chiesto in registrazione era la linea rossa sul fianco dell’areo per servizi di trasporto aereo (v. disegno sotto).
L’istante è risultato soccombente sia presso l’Ufficio che davanti al Trib.
Il passaggio pertinente:
<< 21 In the present case, first, it must be noted that the services covered by the mark applied for are transportation and private aircraft flight planning services, intended primarily for very rich members of the general public, the ‘ultra-wealthy’, who are likely to display a high level of attention, since the factors of safety, punctuality and reliability are all important for the services in question.
22 Second, it must be noted, as the Board of Appeal did, that the mark applied for will not be perceived by the relevant public as having a distinctive character.
23 As the Board of Appeal correctly stated, the mark applied for consists of a red line along the side of a silver aeroplane fuselage, which curves slightly as it follows the line of the fuselage and tapers to a thin point at the front end of the aeroplane.
24 However, a line, which is defined as a continuous set of points or an unbroken elongated line the extent of which is virtually reduced to the single dimension of length, is a simple geometric form, which is not, in itself, capable of conveying a message which consumers will be able to remember. That line and its colour red will be perceived by the relevant public as nothing more than banal decorative devices, as will the choice of a silver fuselage.
25 It is clear from settled case-law that a sign which is excessively simple and is constituted of a basic geometrical figure, such as a circle, a line, a rectangle or a conventional pentagon, is not, in itself, capable of conveying a message which consumers will be able to remember, with the result that they will not regard it as a trade mark unless it has acquired distinctive character through use (see, to that effect, judgments of 15 September 2005, BioID v OHIM, C‑37/03 P, EU:C:2005:547, paragraphs 72 and 74, and of 29 September 2009, The Smiley Company v OHIM (Representation of half a smiley smile), T‑139/08, EU:T:2009:364, paragraph 26 and the case-law cited).
26 In any event, the fact that it could be argued that the mark applied for does not merely represent a basic geometrical figure does not suffice, as such, to support the view that it has the minimum distinctive character necessary for registration as an EU trade mark. There must also be certain characteristics of the sign which may be easily and instantly memorised by the relevant public and which would make it possible for the sign to be perceived immediately as an indication of the commercial origin of the goods and services in question (see, to that effect, judgment of 15 December 2016, Novartis v EUIPO (Representation of a grey curve and representation of a green curve), T‑678/15 and T‑679/15, not published, EU:T:2016:749, paragraphs 40 and 41 and the case-law cited).
27 It has also already been held that, whilst colours are capable of conveying certain associations of ideas and of arousing feelings, they possess little inherent capacity for communicating specific information. That is all the more the case since they are commonly and widely used, because of their appeal, in order to advertise and market goods and services without any specific message (see judgment of 6 September 2023, Groz-Beckert v EUIPO (Position of the colours white, red and dark green on cuboid packaging), T‑276/22, not published, EU:T:2023:497, paragraph 20 and the case-law cited; see also, by analogy, judgment of 24 June 2004, Heidelberger Bauchemie, C‑49/02, EU:C:2004:384, paragraph 38).
28 In the present case, in the absence of elements capable of distinguishing it in such a way that it does not appear as a simple geometrical figure, the red line cannot fulfil an identifying function with respect to the services in question. The colour red is, by its very nature, highly visible and striking and is used primarily for decorative purposes, or to attract attention. Accordingly, it is, in itself, devoid of distinctive character. As for the silver fuselage, the Court considers that that colour does not particularly stand out from the colour white, which is traditionally used in the aviation sector.
29 The Court concludes that, taken as a whole, the mark applied for is excessively simple>>.
Marcel ci notizia nel medesimo post di altra sentenza del Trib. UE (29.01.2025,T‑147/24, Doorinn GmbH v. EUIPO, Franc./ted.) che pure affossa un altro marchio di posizione qui riprodotto (etichetta rossa nell’angolo del materasso).
In entrambi i casi la decisione mi pare esatta (con maggior sicurezza nel secondo).
Segnalo solo uno dei motivi di rigetto: il fatto che i detti colori svolgono funzione di sicurezza e segnalazione (“the Board of Appeal found that the signalling effect of the colours red and yellow was of particular importance for the goods at issue, for example at the time when they were used in accordance with their purpose, when they were ‘parked’ or ‘on the road’. It stated that although the colour yellow was more easily perceived in low-light conditions, the colour red was particularly eye-catching during the day and was frequently used for safety purposes on all types of equipment in various sectors, including the agricultural sector. Furthermore, according to the Board of Appeal, the colour black, combined with the colour yellow, creates a contrast and thus improves visibility. As regards the safety function, the Board of Appeal also took into account the presence, on the goods at issue, of the combination of the colours yellow and black in the form of a banal rectangle which further improves visibility. The Board of Appeal found that the combination of the colours red, yellow and black served a safety or signalling function“: § 56.)
L’istante fa presente che ciò non rientra tra i motivi espressi di nullità del marchio secondo la giurisprudenza UE, § 57.
Da noi non rientra espressamente nell’art. 13.1 (forse però nell’inciso finale alla lett. b): “o altre arattreristiche del prodotto”), nè nei motivi di invalidità per quelli di forma ex art. 9 (qui forse si potrebbe farli rientrare nelle lettere a opppure b-).
<<18 The sign applied for is a sound sign of two seconds, which consists only of a simple sequence of four different perceptible sounds. The applicant’s argument that the sound mark consisted of many different sounds that were played at the same time by several votes is incorrect in this respect. The sign is so short that only four sounds are perceived.
19. The sign applied for is so short and commonplace that it has no resonance or a certain recognition value that would enable the targeted consumers to regard it as an indication of origin and not merely as a functional element or as a reference without message.
20. It is a generally known fact, which is argued both by the examiner and by the applicant, that a short sound sequence is usually played before loudspeaker messages in relation to information on means of transport, so that travellers direct their attention to the following message. Normally, these announcements take place in environments with many different sounds, which means that it is not easy for the pushchair to distinguish the message from other background sounds. Loudspeaker messages, which are initiated by a Jtelevisions, become part of transport; Passenger transport in Class 39, that is to say, for example, at airport maintenance halls, on traction and bus transport. If the relevant consumer heard the sound sign applied for before passing through a loudspeaker, he will not associate it with a particular undertaking without familiarisation and will simply perceive it as a sound which is intended to attract the attention of the reader and direct it to the subsequent loudspeaker diffusers. It is therefore a sound sign that simply has a functional task, namely to announce or causes a loudspeaker penetration.
21. Also in relation to the services packaging of goods; Storage of goods; The sign applied for is not capable of performing its main function as an indication of commercial origin. If the trade circles targeted come into contact with this very short and simple sound sequence in connection with these services, they will at most assume that the sound refers to certain aspects of the service (e.g. the beginning of an announcement) or is used in advertising for
these services. The sign is therefore devoid of distinctive character within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR in relation to all the services applied for in Class 39>>.
Effettivamente, oltre ad essere brevissimo, è pure un suono banale.
Si trattava di marchio di posizione costituito da poligono a sei lati collocato in quattro punti di un occhiale:
(dal post di Anna Maria Stein)
il segno contestato:
40 The contested mark is not a mere figurative mark, but a position mark and has to be assessed as such. A trade mark may be devoid of distinctive character as a figurative mark but when applied for on a specific position or positions it may obtain a distinctive character. Thus, the position of the trade mark is relevant for the overall assessment.
However, it is to be stressed that the mark as such is also relevant for the overall
comparison.
41 The representation of the contested mark shows the position of four six-sided irregular black polygons (hereinafter ‘polygons’) each with a straight upper and lower edge and with the vertical sides formed by two parallel lines of equal length that converge inwards in a slightly concave fashion, each at the same angle. Two of these polygons are placed in a vertical direction on the front of the frames one on the left and one on the right, and two are placed horizontally on the outside part of the left and right temples. It is to be stressed that the shape of the glasses that are shown by means of dotted lines do not form part of the subject matter of the registration in accordance with Article 3(3)(d) EUTMIR
Giudizio:
49 As to the position mark showing four polygons instead of one, there is nothing about these polygons and as affixed on the goods that is unusual or memorable that might enable the relevant public to perceive the sign immediately as distinctive.
50 As correctly pointed out by the applicant, it is irrelevant whether the sign serves other functions in addition to that of an indication of origin, e.g. an aesthetic (decorative) function. However, the Board considers that the contested mark at hand does not serve (inherently) as an indication of origin. The position sign for which protection is sought on that, it is stressed, particular place of the frame and temples will be perceived by the relevant public (even to the extent it has a high level of attention) and in relation to all contested goods solely as a decoratively finished mechanism or rivet (a rivet as such has a dual purpose by having a functional and decorative purpose) that connects to or covers
the hinge that attaches the end piece or the front of the glasses to the arms (temples). (….)
54 Furthermore, as to the size of the elements of the four polygons and as affixed on the eyewear, the applicant itself admits that these elements are small but argues that this not relevant. It is true, that the size does not automatically disqualify any trade mark that is to be placed on eyewear frames from protection. Furthermore, the Board does not consider the small size of the four polygons at issue as a decisive factor. However, as an accessory remark, bearing in mind that it is unlikely that most of the consumers will analyse the mark in detail, the smaller the polygons at issue, the more difficult it may be for the
public to distinguish them from other plane figures. This finding of the public’s
perception is not changed by the applicant’s argument that the size is small due to the limited space for featuring a trade mark on eyewear frames.
Segue poi un ineressante aqnalisi del sondaggio demoscopico (mirante a provare che il segno sarebbe diustintivo presso i consumatiori tedeschi), § 59 ss
Anteriorità opposta: ROYAL nonchè ROYAL UNIBREW (ma l’esame ha riguardato solo il primo segno)
Giustamente il BoA esclude confondibilità data la assenza di distintività di ROYAL (“segno di uso comune negli usi costanti del commercio”, se si applicasse il ns diritto, art. 13.1A cpi)
<<Overall assessment of the likelihood of confusion
45 The global assessment of the likelihood of confusion implies some interdependence between the relevant factors, in particular between the similarity of the signs and that of the goods or services covered. Accordingly, a low degree of similarity between those goods or services may be offset by a high degree of similarity between the signs, and vice versa (29/09/1998, C-39/97, Canon, EU:C:1998:442, § 17; 18/12/2008, C-16/06 P, Mobilix, EU:C:2008:739, § 46; 05/03/2020, C-766/18 P, BBQLOUMI (fig.) / HALLOUMI, EU:C:2020:170, § 69).
46 It is also settled case-law that the more distinctive the earlier mark, the greater will be the likelihood of confusion, and therefore trade marks with a highly distinctive character, either per se or because of the recognition they possess on the market, enjoy broader protection than marks with a less distinctive character (11/11/1997, C-251/95, Sabèl, EU:C:1997:528, § 24; 29/09/1998, C-39/97, Canon, EU:C:1998:442, § 18; 22/06/1999, C-342/97, Lloyd Schuhfabrik, EU:C:1999:323, § 20).
47 On the other hand, where the signs overlap in a descriptive, non-distinctive or weak element, the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion will not often lead to a finding that that likelihood exists (12/06/2019, C-705/17, ROSLAGSÖL, EU:C:2019:481, § 55).
48 The ratio legis of trade mark law is to strike a balance between the interest of the proprietor of a trade mark in safeguarding its essential function, and the interests of other economic operators in having signs capable of denoting their goods and services. Therefore, excessive protection of marks consisting of elements that are devoid of any distinctive character or have a very weak distinctive character could adversely affect the attainment of the objectives pursued by trade mark law, if the mere presence of these elements in the signs at issue led to a finding of a likelihood of confusion without taking into account theremainder of the specific factors in the case (18/01/2023, T-443/21, YOGA ALLIANCE INDIA INTERNATIONAL, EU:T:2023:7, § 117-118).
49 In the present case, notwithstanding the fact that the goods covered by the signs at issue are identical or similar, the low degree of visual and phonetic similarity and at most low degree of conceptual similarity between them, in conjunction with the weak distinctiveness of the earlier mark, rule out the possibility that the relevant public might think that the goods at issue come from the same undertaking or from economically linked undertakings.
50 For the part of the public which perceives the contested sign as a conceptual unit clearly referring to the Duke and Duchess of Sussex (namely Prince Harry and Megan Markle), no likelihood of confusion exists, as the conceptual difference between the signs counteracts any visual and phonetic similarities that exist (04/05/2020, C-328/18 P, BLACK LABEL BY EQUIVALENZA (fig.) / LABELL (fig.) et al., EU:C:2020:156, § 74 and the case-law cited).
51 For the remaining part of the public, the coincidence in an allusion to luxury and superb quality (being a result of the common word ‘ROYAL’) is sufficiently outweighed by the additional verbal element ‘SUSSEX’ at the beginning of the contested sign. There is no risk that this difference will not be noted by the consumers. As a result, there is no direct likelihood of confusion. The contested sign will not be taken for the earlier mark (05/02/2007, T‑501/04, ROYAL / ROYAL FEITORIA et al., EU:T:2007:54, § 47-49).
52 The opponent claims that the contested sign will be perceived as a sub-brand of the earlier mark. However, for such an indirect likelihood of association to occur, the trade mark applied for must display such similarities to the earlier mark that might lead the consumer to believe that the sign is somehow connected with the earlier right (and therefore, that the goods covered by it have the same or a related commercial origin). This likelihood of association may occur only if the trade mark applied for shares with the earlier mark characteristics capable of associating the signs with each other (by analogy 15/03/2023, T‑174/22, Breztrev / Brezilizer et al., EU:T:2023:134, § 83; 25/10/2023, T‑511/22, HPU AND YOU (fig.) / DEVICE OF THREE HEXAGONS (fig.) et al., EU:T:2023:673, § 80). If the similarity between the signs resides only in an element that has a minimal degree of distinctiveness, such an association is not likely. For such an association to occur the signs would need to overlap in a distinctive element, or at least in the structure and/or stylisation. Average consumers do not usually take one component of a composite trade mark and compare it with another mark (even less if it is weakly distinctive).
53 The earlier mark has a low degree of inherent distinctiveness. It is apparent from the case-law, that such marks enjoy less extensive protection and, therefore, the likelihood of confusion is, in such cases, not likely (12/05/2021, T‑70/20, MUSEUM OF ILLUSIONS (fig.) / MUSEUM OF ILLUSIONS (fig.), EU:T:2021:253, § 91-92, 95).
54 Bearing in mind the above, the Board finds that no likelihood of confusion exists on the basis of the inherent distinctiveness of earlier international registration No 854 092 designating the European Union for any part of the public.
55 As a result, the claim of enhanced distinctive character and reputation of the earlier mark needs to be examined (as it might substantially affect the global assessment of likelihood of confusion)>>.
Rimanda però per l’esame dell’altro segno e della domanda basata sulla rinomanza (improbabilissima , direi, per tali sgni)
Resta da capire come secondo il diritto internazionale si possa impedire lo sfruttamento della notorietà altrui (i duchi del Succesx, Harry e Meghan), a prescindere da loro registraizoni come marchio
<<The global assessment of the likelihood of confusion
77 A global assessment of the likelihood of confusion implies some interdependence between the factors taken into account and, in particular, between the similarity of the trade marks and that of the goods or services covered by those marks. Accordingly, a low degree of similarity between those goods or services may be offset by a high degree of similarity between the marks, and vice versa (judgments of 29 September 1998, Canon, C‑39/97, EU:C:1998:442, paragraph 17, and of 14 December 2006, Mast-Jägermeister v OHIM – Licorera Zacapaneca (VENADO with frame and others), T‑81/03, T‑82/03 and T‑103/03, EU:T:2006:397, paragraph 74).
78 Furthermore, the degree of distinctiveness of the earlier mark, which determines the scope of the protection conferred by that mark, is one of the relevant factors to be taken into account in the context of the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion. The more distinctive the earlier mark, the greater will be the likelihood of confusion, with the result that marks with a highly distinctive character, either per se or because of their recognition on the market, enjoy broader protection than marks with less distinctive character (judgments of 11 November 1997, SABEL, C‑251/95, EU:C:1997:528, paragraph 24, and of 29 September 1998, Canon, C‑39/97, EU:C:1998:442, paragraph 18; see also judgment of 29 March 2023, Machková v EUIPO – Aceites Almenara (ALMARA SOAP), T‑436/22, not published, EU:T:2023:167, paragraph 96 and the case-law cited). However, in the light of the interdependence between the factors to be taken into account, the existence of a likelihood of confusion cannot automatically be ruled out where the distinctive character of the earlier mark is weak (see, to that effect, judgment of 5 March 2020, Foundation for the Protection of the Traditional Cheese of Cyprus named Halloumi v EUIPO, C‑766/18 P, EU:C:2020:170, paragraph 70 and the case-law cited).
79 In practice, where the earlier mark and the mark applied for coincide in an element that is weakly distinctive with regard to the goods or services at issue, the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion does not often lead to a finding that such a likelihood of confusion, within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation 2017/1001, exists (judgments of 12 June 2019, Hansson, C‑705/17, EU:C:2019:481, paragraph 55; of 18 June 2020, Primart v EUIPO, C‑702/18 P, EU:C:2020:489, paragraph 53; and of 18 January 2023, YAplus DBA Yoga Alliance v EUIPO – Vidyanand (YOGA ALLIANCE INDIA INTERNATIONAL), T‑443/21, not published, EU:T:2023:7, paragraph 121). Where the elements of similarity between two signs at issue arise from the fact that they have a component with a low degree of inherent distinctiveness in common, the impact of such elements of similarity on the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion is itself low (see judgments of 20 September 2018, Kwizda Holding v EUIPO – Dermapharm (UROAKUT), T‑266/17, EU:T:2018:569, paragraph 79 and the case-law cited, and of 20 January 2021, Foundation for the Protection of the Traditional Cheese of Cyprus named Halloumi v EUIPO – M. J. Dairies (BBQLOUMI), T‑328/17 RENV, not published, EU:T:2021:16, paragraph 64 and the case-law cited).
80 In paragraphs 45 to 50 of the contested decision, the Board of Appeal found that, in the light of the identity or various degrees of similarity, from low to high, of the goods at issue, the average degree of visual similarity and conceptual identity between the marks at issue and the average degree of inherent distinctiveness of the earlier mark, the relevant public, the level of attention of which varied from average to high, was likely to believe that the goods covered by those marks came from the same undertaking or, as the case may be, from economically linked undertakings. It added, in paragraph 52 of that decision, that its assessment would not have been different if it had found that the figurative element representing a lion’s head in the earlier mark, or even that mark taken as a whole, had only a low degree of inherent distinctiveness, in the light of the dominant nature of that element in that mark and the interdependence between the various factors to be taken into account in the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion. It took the view that those assessments were not contrary, in the circumstances of the case, to the case-law of the Court of Justice and the General Court.
81 By its fourth complaint, the applicant disputes, in essence, the Board of Appeal’s assessment that there is a likelihood of confusion in the present case. It submits that the marks at issue, although they both consist of the representation of the same concept, namely a lion’s head, create a different overall impression in the mind of the relevant public. In that regard, it relies on the fact that the representation of such a concept is banal and commonplace in the fashion sector and that the earlier mark has only a low degree of inherent distinctiveness, which, in combination with the other factors in the present case, should have led the Board of Appeal to rule out the existence of a likelihood of confusion.
82 EUIPO disputes the applicant’s arguments. However, in the alternative, should the Court take the view that the earlier mark has a low degree of inherent distinctiveness, it states, in essence, that it endorses the applicant’s claim for annulment on the basis of the single plea in law relied on by the applicant, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice and the General Court which ensures that marks with a low degree of inherent distinctiveness are not overprotected (see paragraph 79 above).
83 In that regard, it must, first, be borne in mind that the Board of Appeal made an error of assessment in finding that the earlier mark had an average degree of inherent distinctiveness, whereas that degree of inherent distinctiveness could only be categorised as low (see paragraph 75 above).
84 As regards the applicant’s argument that the Board of Appeal gave undue importance, in the contested decision, to the conceptual identity between the marks at issue in the context of the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, it must be borne in mind that, according to the case-law, the purchase of goods in Classes 14 and 25 is based, in principle, particularly on their visual aspect. Clothing and clothing accessories, the purpose of which is to embellish the appearance of the human body, are generally marketed in ‘bricks and mortor’ shops or online shops, as the case may be with the help of sales assistants or advisers and, in the light of those particular marketing conditions, the consumer’s choice is mainly made by looking at them. Consequently, the marks covering those goods will normally be perceived visually prior to or at the time of purchase, with the result that the visual aspect is of greater importance in the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion (see, to that effect, judgment of 18 May 2011, IIC v OHIM – McKenzie (McKENZIE), T‑502/07, not published, EU:T:2011:223, paragraph 50 and the case-law cited).
85 In the present case, in the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation 2017/1001, the Board of Appeal, by finding that there was a higher than average degree of overall similarity between the marks at issue, attached more importance, in paragraph 49 of the contested decision, to the conceptual comparison of those marks than to the visual comparison, in particular in so far as it found that the differences in the stylisation of the marks were of limited importance in the overall impression created by those marks and therefore did not have sufficient impact to assist consumers in decisively distinguishing between the marks.
86 In so doing, it attached too much importance to the conceptual identity between the marks at issue, since, first, and as is apparent from the case-law cited in paragraph 84 above, the choice of the goods at issue is based mainly on their visual aspect and, secondly, the concept represented in the marks at issue, namely a lion’s head, is used in a banal and commonplace way in the commercial presentation or the decoration of goods in the fashion sector.
87 Consequently, the second part of the second complaint must be upheld and the examination of the present action must be continued by taking into account the error of assessment thus noted.
88 In the light of the case-law cited in paragraphs 78 and 79 above and the finding, made in paragraphs 50 and 51 above, that the representation of a lion’s head is a banal and commonplace decorative motif in the fashion sector, in which consumers are regularly faced with such a motif in the commercial presentation or the decoration of the goods, with the result that that motif has lost its capacity to identify the commercial origin of those goods, it must be held that, even though the marks at issue are conceptually identical, that can be of only limited importance in the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, since the concept in common to which those marks refer is only weakly distinctive in relation to the goods at issue and can therefore contribute only to a very limited extent towards the function of a mark, which is to identify the origin of those goods and to distinguish them from those with a different origin (see paragraphs 47 and 52 above).
89 In view of the weak distinctive character of the concept which is common to the marks at issue and the weak distinctive character of the earlier mark, considered as a whole, the fact that the marks at issue are visually similar to an average degree was not sufficient to enable the Board of Appeal to find, in the contested decision, that there was a likelihood of confusion within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation 2017/1001, even if the goods at issue were identical.
90 Consequently, the applicant’s fourth complaint must be upheld, inasmuch as the Board of Appeal erred in finding that there was a likelihood of confusion within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation 2017/1001.
91 In view of all of the foregoing considerations, the single plea put forward by the applicant must be upheld, in so far as it is based on the third complaint (see paragraph 76 above), on the second part of the second complaint (see paragraph 87 above) and on the fourth complaint (see paragraph 90 above) and the contested decision must therefore be annulled in so far as the Board of Appeal erred in finding that there was a likelihood of confusion within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation 2017/1001>>.
Sono perplesso sia sulla banalità del segno anteriore, che sulla scarsa somiglianza tra i due segni: quindi complessivcamente pure sul giudizio del Tribunale.
In primo grado la domanda di registrazione è respinta ma è accolta in appello.
<<18 The mark for which protection is sought consists of the expression ‘TEAM USA’. The
examiner held that the entire European Union public would understand this expression as
having the following meaning: a group of players representing the United States of
America in a competitive game or sport, which as such is not contested by the IR holder.
19 The examiner, based on the dictionary definitions of the terms ‘TEAM’ and ‘USA’,
assumed that the expression ‘TEAM USA’ was a banal statement indicating information
about an aspect of the goods in question namely that the goods for which protection is
sought may be either used by a group of USA players during a competition, or be
distributed as promotional products or sold during competitions and/or sporting event>>
Ed ecco il dissenso :
<<22 Indeed, the examiner’s reasoning that since all the goods in question can either be used by
a group of US players during a competition or be distributed and sold during competitions
and/or sporting events, the mark for which protection is sought would be perceived by the
relevant consumer as a non-distinctive indication of an aspect of the goods and not as an
indication of their commercial origin cannot be followed. The Board also fails to
understand why the perception of the sign ‘TEAM USA’ as ‘an indication of the
provenance of a group of players’ prevents it from being able to function as a commercial
badge of origin for the goods concerned.
23 The expression ‘TEAM USA’ does not convey any concrete information evoking the
goods in question, namely jewellery items, backpacks and bags, mugs, glasses and water
bottles, as well as clothing articles. None of the examples given by the examiner can
demonstrate that the expression ‘TEAM USA’ is perceived by the relevant public as a non-
distinctive, frequently used or banal statement for jewellery items in Class 14, mugs,
glasses and empty water bottles in Class 21, backpacks and bags in Class 18 or clothing
articles in Class 25.
24 The expression ‘TEAM USA’ as a whole has the minimum degree of distinctiveness
required under Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR for the goods concerned. The registration of a sign
as a trade mark is not subject to the establishment of a certain level of creativity or artistic
imagination on the part of the IR holder, but to the sole ability of the sign to individualise
the goods of the IR holder in relation to those offered by its competitors (24/03/2021,
T-93/20, Windsor-castle, EU:T:2021:164, § 22). The mark for which protection is sought
allows the relevant consumer to distinguish the goods concerned from those of other
undertakings without conducting any analytical examination and without paying particular
attention.
25 The internet links provided by the examiner insofar as they use the expression ‘TEAM
USA’ as a whole refer to the team of top players representing the USA at particular sports
events. The name of a sports team is not excluded, in principle, from the signs capable of
constituting a European Union trade mark, as it follows from Article 4 EUTMR. In this
particular context, the mark ‘TEAM USA’ is likely to be used for goods that are typical
merchandising and souvenir articles, and therefore to designate that they are manufactured,
marketed or supplied under the control of the IR holder, to which responsibility for their
quality can be attributed. The mere affixing of the mark for which protection is sought on
the goods in question enables those goods to be distinguished from other merchandising
and souvenir articles sold or provided by other undertakings (06/09/2018, C‑488/16 P,
NEUSCHWANSTEIN, EU:C:2018:673, § 65-66; 05/07/2016, T‑167/15,
NEUSCHWANSTEIN, EU:T:2016:391, § 43).
26 Thus, the mere fact that the mark for which protection is sought may represent or coincide
with the name of a sports team, in this case the team of top players representing the USA
at particular sports events, does not preclude, as such, its registration. The need to keep a
certain sign free for competitors is, in principle, not an interest protected under
Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR, but rather of other absolute grounds, such as Articles 7(1)(c), (d)
or (e) EUTMR. As regards names, and this could apply also to the name of a sports team,
the interest not to monopolise a name independently of its distinctive character is not an
interest protected under Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR (16/09/2004, C‑404/02, Nichols,
EU:C:2004:538, § 31).
27 The examiner provided no other reason, nor can the Board see why the mark for which
protection is sought should be considered to be lacking distinctive character for the goods
in question. The sign does not lack distinctive character under Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR>>
La decisione pare tutto sommato condivisibile.
Pemsel non la pensa così: <<In this sense, the sign ‘TEAM USA’ either describes that a team based in the US is responsible for the goods in question or that the goods are meant for people supporting the USA. Both meanings appear to be non-distinctive. The fact that they are rather vague is not decisive (see e.g. T-81/13 at para. 20)>>
Al contrrio il segno non pare evocare alcuna assunzione di responsabilità in capo a chicchessia per i beni nè allusioni ad una qualche oggettiva (e non solo creata dal marketing) idoneità per i tifosi USA
Il Trib. UE 29.11.2023, T-19/22, nella lite tra Piaggio e il produttore cinese dà ragione alla prima circa la registrabilità come marchio tridimensionale dell’aspetto della Vespa modello LX, che riproduto qui sotto:
(dal sito curia.eu)
La sentenza è interessante assai, anche per il profilo probatorio reggente l’accertamento di distintività sopravvenuta.
Il Trib. nega la distintività ab origine, ma accoglie la domanda di distintivià sopravvenuta (secodnary meaning), riformando la decisione amminstrativa, con miotivaiozne che riporto di seguito.
Va notato che viene superata l’insidiosa eccezione del produttore cinese, per cui i documenti provatori di Pioaggio erano sì relativi alal Vespa ma non esattamente al modello de quo (§ 95).
Ed ecco la motivaizone pertinetne:
<< 99 Nel caso di specie, dagli elementi del fascicolo risulta che la forma rappresentata dal marchio contestato corrisponde alla raffigurazione tridimensionale dello scooter «Vespa LX» commercializzato dalla ricorrente.
100 Sebbene gran parte degli elementi di prova prodotti dalla ricorrente non si riferiscano direttamente a tale raffigurazione, ma piuttosto alla «Vespa» in generale o ad altri modelli di «Vespa», resta tuttavia il fatto che la ricorrente ha prodotto taluni elementi di prova che riguardano specificamente il marchio contestato, come gli opuscoli e i sondaggi di opinione.
101 Inoltre, occorre osservare che l’apparenza complessiva degli scooter che figurano negli elementi di prova prodotti dalla ricorrente, ivi compreso lo scooter «Vespa LX», resta essenzialmente la stessa.
102 Come rilevato dalla ricorrente, ciò è corroborato, in particolare, dalla circostanza che le tre caratteristiche della forma rappresentata dal marchio contestato che sono state menzionate dalla ricorrente, ossia lo scudo a forma di freccia, la forma a «Ω rovesciata» tra la sella e la pedana nonché la forma a «X» tra le bombature laterali e il sottosella, compaiono in tutti gli altri scooter «Vespa» che figurano negli elementi di prova della ricorrente e in tutti gli scooter «Vespa» commercializzati tra il 1945 e il 2008 che sono stati presentati dalla ricorrente nella sua risposta alla comunicazione dell’esaminatrice del 3 aprile 2014.
103 Tale constatazione è altresì corroborata dalla sentenza del 6 aprile 2017 del Tribunale di Torino (allegato 12 al ricorso), nella quale è stato riconosciuto che le tre caratteristiche summenzionate nonché la forma a goccia della scocca erano ricorrenti in tutti i modelli di «Vespa» dal 1945 a oggi e, in ogni caso, certamente nello scooter «Vespa LX», la cui forma è rappresentata dal marchio contestato.
104 Infine, le variazioni tra i diversi modelli di scooter «Vespa» sono poco numerose.
105 Ne consegue che, tenuto conto dell’esistenza di elementi di prova che riguardano specificamente il marchio contestato, gli elementi di prova che fanno riferimento alla «Vespa» in generale o ad altri modelli di «Vespa» concernono, in un certo modo, la forma rappresentata dal marchio contestato e non possono essere ignorati nell’ambito dell’esame del carattere distintivo acquisito in seguito all’uso del marchio contestato. Infatti, non è escluso che tali elementi di prova, considerati nel loro insieme, siano idonei a dimostrare che il pubblico di riferimento percepisce tutti gli scooter «Vespa», ivi compreso lo scooter «Vespa LX» la cui forma è rappresentata dal marchio richiesto, come provenienti da una stessa impresa determinata, tenuto conto del loro aspetto complessivo, che è rimasto essenzialmente lo stesso dal 1945. La commissione di ricorso ha, pertanto, commesso un errore di valutazione nel ritenere in sostanza, ai punti 72 e 73 della decisione impugnata, che tali elementi di prova non fossero rilevanti.
106 Sotto un secondo profilo, la commissione di ricorso ha rilevato che i dati relativi al volume delle vendite, ai fatturati, alle quote di mercato e agli investimenti pubblicitari non erano affidabili e che nessun elemento di prova consentiva di corroborarli.
107 A tal riguardo, dalla tabella contenente i dati relativi al volume delle vendite e alla quota di mercato della «Vespa» in 26 Stati membri risulta che i modelli di «Vespa» hanno avuto il volume di vendite più elevato, e che essi hanno altresì detenuto una delle quote di mercato più considerevoli in tutti gli Stati membri tra il 2007 e il 2012. Inoltre, per quanto riguarda i dati relativi a Cipro e a Malta, che non figurano nella tabella summenzionata, dalla tabella che presenta il volume delle vendite e il fatturato relativi a detti modelli in tutti gli Stati membri risulta che il volume delle vendite e i fatturati per questi due Stati membri non sono stati particolarmente importanti, ma sono aumentati tra il 2009 e il 2012.
108 Sebbene, come ha correttamente sottolineato la commissione di ricorso, tali dati consistano in semplici tabelle Excel preparate dalla ricorrente stessa, sicché il loro valore probatorio è limitato, resta nondimeno il fatto che la ricorrente ha prodotto elementi di prova idonei a confermare taluni dati relativi al volume delle vendite e alla quota di mercato detenuta dalla «Vespa». Si tratta, in particolare, della lettera dell’ANCMA del 29 gennaio 2015 la quale conferma, quanto meno, i dati relativi al volume delle vendite e alle quote di mercato della «Vespa» in Italia tra il 2007 e il 2012. Parimenti, la relazione di verifica contabile attesta che la ricorrente ha ottenuto notevoli introiti tra il 2005 e il 2013 in Italia, grazie alla vendita di «Vespa».
109 La commissione di ricorso ha, pertanto, commesso un errore di valutazione nel ritenere in sostanza, ai punti 70 e 84 della decisione impugnata, che nessun elemento di prova fosse tale da corroborare i dati relativi al volume delle vendite, ai fatturati e alle quote di mercato della «Vespa».
110 Per di più, dalla tabella relativa agli investimenti pubblicitari della ricorrente risulta che quest’ultima ha destinato importi molto elevati alla promozione della «Vespa», perlomeno in Italia, Germania, Spagna, Francia e Belgio, tra il 2003 e il 2012.
111 Se è vero che anche tali dati sono contenuti in una tabella Excel preparata dalla ricorrente stessa, sicché il loro valore probatorio è limitato, occorre tuttavia osservare che taluni elementi di prova erano idonei a corroborare l’entità degli investimenti pubblicitari realizzati dalla ricorrente.
112 Anzitutto, la relazione di verifica contabile conferma che la ricorrente ha realizzato considerevoli investimenti pubblicitari tra il 2005 e il 2013 in Italia. La ricorrente ha poi presentato opuscoli in inglese e in italiano su diversi modelli di «Vespa», un libro dedicato al «mito di Vespa» e una pubblicazione intitolata «Vespa. Un’avventura italiana nel mondo», i quali erano idonei a dimostrare che la «Vespa» era stata pubblicizzata non solo in Italia, ma anche a livello internazionale. Infine, il catalogo «Eurovespa 2000» e la presenza di «Vespa club» in 20 Stati membri erano parimenti tali da dimostrare che la ricorrente aveva compiuto alcuni sforzi al fine di promuovere la «Vespa» all’interno dell’Unione.
113 La commissione di ricorso ha, pertanto, commesso un errore di valutazione nel ritenere, al punto 71 della decisione impugnata, che nessun elemento di prova fosse idoneo a corroborare i dati relativi agli investimenti pubblicitari realizzati dalla ricorrente rispetto alla «Vespa».
114 Sotto un terzo profilo, la commissione di ricorso ha ritenuto che gli elementi di prova non coprissero l’intero territorio dell’Unione. In particolare, i sondaggi di opinione sarebbero stati realizzati solo in dodici Stati membri e, quindi, coprirebbero solo una parte di detto territorio. Inoltre, i dati relativi al volume delle vendite, ai fatturati e alle quote di mercato non sarebbero corroborati da alcun elemento oggettivo, sicché la ricorrente non avrebbe prodotto elementi di prova rilevanti per quanto riguarda gli Stati membri non interessati dai sondaggi di opinione. Detta commissione ha pertanto ritenuto che, anche ammettendo che i sondaggi di opinione e le altre prove prodotte dalla ricorrente siano rilevanti, i risultati dei citati sondaggi in dodici Stati membri non potevano né essere estesi a tutti gli Stati membri, né essere completati e corroborati, negli Stati membri non interessati dai sondaggi in parola, dagli altri elementi di prova prodotti dalla ricorrente.
115 Se è certo vero che i sondaggi di opinione riguardano solo dodici Stati membri, mentre l’Unione ne contava 27 alla data di deposito della domanda di registrazione, occorre tuttavia sottolineare che, benché occorra dimostrare che il marchio contestato ha acquisito carattere distintivo in tutti gli Stati membri dell’Unione, non è affatto richiesto che gli stessi tipi di elementi di prova vengano prodotti per ogni Stato membro [v. sentenza del 28 ottobre 2009, BCS/UAMI – Deere (Combinazione dei colori verde e giallo), T‑137/08, EU:T:2009:417, punto 39 e giurisprudenza ivi citata]. Infatti, l’assenza di sondaggi non esclude che sia dimostrato che un segno ha acquisito carattere distintivo in seguito all’uso, dal momento che tale dimostrazione può essere fornita mediante altri elementi (v., in tal senso, sentenze del 28 ottobre 2009, BCS/UAMI – Deere (Combinazione dei colori verde e giallo), T‑137/08, EU:T:2009:417, punto 41, e del 10 giugno 2020, Louis Vuitton Malletier/EUIPO – Wisniewski (Raffigurazione di un motivo a scacchiera), T‑105/19, non pubblicata, EU:T:2020:258, punto 63).
116 Inoltre, come ricordato al precedente punto 88, gli elementi di prova del carattere distintivo acquisito in seguito all’uso possono riguardare complessivamente tutti gli Stati membri oppure un gruppo di Stati membri. Taluni elementi di prova possono, di conseguenza, presentare una rilevanza riguardo a più Stati membri, se non a tutta l’Unione (v., in tal senso, sentenza del 25 luglio 2018, Société des produits Nestlé e a./Mondelez UK Holdings & Services, C‑84/17 P, C‑85/17 P e C‑95/17 P, EU:C:2018:596, punti 80 e 87). Come ricordato al precedente punto 85, nessuna disposizione del regolamento n. 207/2009 impone di dimostrare con prove distinte l’acquisizione del carattere distintivo in seguito all’uso in ciascun singolo Stato membro, e sarebbe eccessivo esigere che la prova di una siffatta acquisizione venga fornita separatamente per ciascuno Stato membro.
117 Orbene, si deve necessariamente constatare che taluni elementi di prova diversi dai dati relativi al volume delle vendite, ai fatturati e alle quote di mercato potevano essere rilevanti ai fini della valutazione del carattere distintivo acquisito in seguito all’uso del marchio contestato negli Stati membri non interessati dai sondaggi di opinione.
118 Si tratta, in particolare, della presenza della «Vespa» nel Museum of Modern Art di New York, dei numerosi estratti di giornali online che mettono tutti in luce che, secondo esperti internazionali di design, la «Vespa» fa parte dei dodici oggetti che hanno segnato il design mondiale nel corso degli ultimi cento anni, delle fotografie contenute nella pubblicazione intitolata «Il mito di Vespa», le quali mostrano l’utilizzo degli scooter «Vespa» in film noti a livello mondiale, come «Vacanze romane», o ancora della presenza di «Vespa club» in numerosi Stati membri, i quali erano idonei a dimostrare il carattere iconico della «Vespa» e, quindi, il suo riconoscimento a livello globale, anche in tutta l’Unione.
119 La commissione di ricorso ha, pertanto, commesso un errore di valutazione nell’omettere di tener conto degli elementi di prova in questione i quali erano, invece, tali da dimostrare il carattere distintivo acquisito in seguito all’uso del marchio contestato in tutta l’Unione>>.
Il viso di modella per ‘services of mannequins and photo models for publicity or sales promotion’ in class 35 and ‘model and mannequin services for leisure or recreational purposes’ in class 41, è sufficientemente distintivo?
L’ufficio UE dice di no in primo grado (art. 7.1.b EUTMR), di si in appello.
<<19 It is true that, although special or original characteristics are not criteria for the distinctive character of a trade mark, the mark in question must enable the public to distinguish the goods and services in question from those of other undertakings or persons (04/07/2017, T-81/16, a pair of curved strips on the side of a Tire, EU:T:2017:463, § 49).
20 The Board of Appeal considers that this is the case with the sign applied for. The image at issue, as also indicated by the examiner, consists, taken as a whole, of the faithful representation of a woman’s head/face, in common colours and on a common background.
Contrary to the view taken by the examiner, that image does indeed enable the relevant public, consisting of the general public and a specialised public, to distinguish the services in question from those of a different commercial origin and, in particular, as originating from the specific person depicted.
21 Themere fact that a photograph is a natural faithful representation of what has been depicted does not mean that that representation cannot be perceived as a trade mark, all the more so since the image in itself does not say anything about the services sought. The sign applied for relates, undoubtedly, to the representation of the face of a particular person, with its unique faces, that is to say, its specific external features and that is to say, in the form of a passport photograph. In addition to (inter alia) the surname and first name, the representation of the face in the form of a passport photograph applies to the identification of a person and thus to his or her distinction from other persons. Whether the person can actually be named when viewing the image because it is known to the
relevant public does not alter this.
22 In the view of the Board of Appeal, the representation at issue is therefore capable of fulfilling the essential function of a trade mark in order to distinguish the services applied for from a different origin, as repeatedly held in relation to comparable trade marks. The Chamber refers in this regard to the decisions of 16/11/2017, R 2063/2016-4, device (PHOTO) OF THE HEAD OF A Woman, § 37; 23/10/2019, R 2574/2018-1, FOTOGRAFÍA AND COLOR DEL ROSTRO DE UNA PERSONA, § 14-15; 19/05/2021, R 378/2021-4, WEERGAVE OF THE face OF A PERSOON (fig.), § 17; 19/05/2021, R 468/2021-4, WEERGAVE OF A PERSOON (fig.), § 17). All those decisions concern similar figurative marks for, inter alia, similar or even identical services in Classes 35 and/or 41.
23 That finding of the Chamber is not affected by the fact that, as the examiner points out, many other faithful images of faces are conceivable from women and men. They will each represent a unique representation of that particular person, with his/her own specific external characteristics. In this context, the existence of double-riders and identical multiple births may be disregarded as exceptional and exceptional. Moreover, that argument could be put forward, also wrongly, against any other type of trade mark; how many words, patterns, images of animals, etc. do not exist?
24 Theexaminer’s argument that, with regard to the services requested in Classes 35 and 41 of mannequins and photomomodels, the image would represent only the person providing those services, indicates, on the contrary, that the image may be perceived as a means of distinguishing the commercial origin of those services. The relevant public will perceive the sign as a means of identifying the origin of the services in question, namely that they originate from the person depicted, with whom the sign fulfils the essential function of a trade mark (16/11/2017, R 2063/2016-4, device (PHOTO) OF THE HEAD OF A Woman, § 24-25; 19/05/2021, R 378/2021-4, WEERGAVE OF THE face OF A PERSOON (fig.),
§ 19; 19/05/2021, R 468/2021-4, WEERGAVE OF A PERSOON (fig.), § 19).
25 Similarly, the examiner’s finding that it is not unusual for the services applied for in Classes 35 and 41 that they are presented with the representation of the person providing the services does not call into question the conclusion that the mark applied for has distinctive character. Apart from the fact that such a finding, which, moreover, is unsubstantiated, is consistent with the ground for refusal laid down in Article 7(1) (d) EUTMR, which is not at issue in the present case, the representation appears in the mark applied for only in its kind. Nor is there any question that the use of precisely the mark applied for is customary for the services in question.
26 Finally, the comparison of examiner with the case-law cited above is flawed. The decision of 24/07/2001, R 341/2000-1, Figurative MARK (Doll’s head), which was more than 22 years old, concerns the application for a figurative mark relating to a stylised representation of a popp head with the typical characteristics of all the new-born babies similar, applied for dolls and toys in Class 28. The decision of 01/09/2015, R 2993/2014-5, device OF A SQUAIRE WITH FOUR PICTURES (fig.) concerns the application for a figurative mark relating to a collection of four photographs showing as many as five different persons of
different ages applied for for goods and services in the medical sector.
Conclusion
27 Contrary to the view taken by the examiner, the mark applied for does not infringe the absolute grounds for refusal set out in Article 7(1) (b) EUTMR.
28 It is therefore not necessary to examine whether it has acquired distinctive character through use in relation to the services in respect of which registration is sought pursuant to Article 7(3) EUTM>>
La soluzione data non è condivisibilissima (pur in un caso non facile), sia per la distiontività sia per l’individuaizone del consumatore diriferimeno (non è il general public)
La fotografia di in viso determnatonon è perceputo come indicaizone dell’origine aziendale
