La corte del Delaware in una ponderosa sentenza sul purpose della company (McRitchie v. Zuckerberg, et al.)

La court of chancery , giudice Leister, C.A. No. 2022-0890-JTL , 30 aprile 2024, (qui la pag. web della corte con lelenco  perlomeno ad oggi e qui link diretto al testo dell’opinion) ragiona sull’altgenrativca single-firm model (or firm-specific model) vs. Modern Modern Portfolio Theory diversification.

Segnalata dal prof.  Bainbridge.

Curiosa causa petendi: gli attori allegano la negligenza xcostituita dall’aver Zuck Sandbert etc. condotto Meta etc. con riguardo all’itneresse della società medesima e non deglio azionisti che hanno portafoglio diversidicati: i quali preferirebbero che Meta internalizzasse le esternalità prodotte per valorizzare al meglio i loro portafogli.

Forse mi sfugge qualcosa, ma ha dell’incredibile che si impegni una corte e che questa risponda con una setnenza di 101 opagg. su un punto che dovrebbe essere pacifico: gli amministgratori devono occuparsi di far rendere gli investimenti nella loro societò, non in eventuali altre in cui alcuni soci avessero per caso investito per diversificare (nemmeno nella modalità light di evitare loro dannosità facendosene carico in proprio).   Così facendo, al contrario, si renderebbero inadempienti al loro incarico.

Trattandosi di contratto, infatti, chi lo gestisce deve far fruttare quel contratto, non altri.

A parte il ns art. 2247 cc, la logica lo impone. Sarebbe invece giuridicamente illogico onerare gli amministratori di far fruttare investimenti in altri contratti sociali: a meno che i patti sociali questo dicano e che lo dicano in modo sufficientemente determinato.

Sintesi iniziale offerta dalla Corte:

<<Under the standard Delaware formulation, directors owe fiduciary duties to the corporation and its stockholders. Implicitly, the “stockholders” are the stockholders of the specific corporation that the directors serve, i.e., “its” stockholders.
The standard Delaware formulation thus contemplates a single-firm model (or firm-specific model) in which directors of a corporation owe duties to the stockholders as investors in that corporation. That point is so basic that no Delaware decisions have felt the need to say it. Fish don’t talk about water.
The plaintiff takes a different view. Capitalizing on the word “stockholders,” the plaintiff observes that stockholders are investors. The plaintiff then argues that under Modern Portfolio Theory, prudent investors diversify. Therefore, says the plaintiff, the law must operate on the assumption that a corporation’s stockholders are diversified. The plaintiff concludes that owing fiduciary duties to the corporation and its stockholders must mean owing duties that run to the corporation and its stockholders as diversified equity investors>>.

Il dovere degli amministratori è favorire il beneficio dei soci, secondo il § 172.1 Companies Act del 2006

Secondo la disposizione citata, <A director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole>.

Il che si determina avendo riguardo al lungo temrine, ai dipendneti etc. (ivi, lettere a-f).

Disposizione assai discussa nella sua portata: in particolare quale è il ruolo degli stakeholders diversi dai soci (soprattutto dei lavoratori)?

Ebbene, la Supreme Court inglese nella sentenza 5 ottobre 2022, BTI 2014 LLC (Appellant) v Sequana SA and others (Respondents), [2022] UKSC 25, dice che <<successo della company>> significa <<successo dei soci>>.

Almeno fino a che la società arriva vicino alla insolvenza, quando l’interesse da realizzare è anche quello dei creditori. Si v. < it is clear that, although the duty is owed to the company, the shareholders are the intended beneficiaries of that duty. To that extent, the common law approach of shareholder primacy is carried forward into the 2006 Act >, § 65

<The considerations listed in paragraphs (a) to (f) are capable of including the
treatment of certain creditors of the company. Creditors are liable to include
employees, suppliers, customers and others with whom the company has business
relationships; and their treatment may well affect the company’s reputation and its
creditworthiness, and have consequences for it in the long term. However, the primary
duty imposed by section 172(1) remains focused on promoting the success of the
company for the benefit of its members>, § 67.

E poi  : < In addition, it seems to me that acceptance that the fiduciary duty of directors to the
company is re-oriented so as to encompass the interests of creditors, when the
company is insolvent or bordering on insolvency, must result in a similar re-orientation
of related duties. The proper purposes for which powers can be exercised, in
accordance with section 171, include advancing the interests of the company, which in
those circumstances must be understood as including the interests of its creditors, as
was held in In re HLC Environmental Projects Ltd [2013] EWHC 2876 (Ch); [2014] BCC
337, para 99. Similarly, the duty under section 174 to exercise reasonable care, skill
and diligence must be directed, in those circumstances, to the interests of the
company as understood in that context, as appears to have been accepted in a number of cases>. § 73

Si tratta di sentenza molto ampia, diffusa da più fomnti : ad es. Irene-marie Esser e  Iain G MacNeil,   Shareholder Primacy and Corporate Purpose, 21 dic. 2022.